Pathological cells

Pathological cells are abnormal cells that display altered cellular structure, molecular behavior, or gene expression due to genetic variation, cellular stress, inflammatory processes, or environmental factors. These cells may show disruptions in cell signaling, metabolic activity, cell cycle control, and tissue organization, which can affect normal biological function. The analysis of pathological cells is a core focus in cell biology, histology, molecular pathology, and biomedical research, supporting advances in diagnostic techniques, biomarker discovery, and targeted therapeutic strategies.